These short courses were offered in conjunction with the Seventh Annual Directed Energy Symposium. All of the courses were unclassified; one was restricted to U.S. citizens who are employees of the federal government or of its contractors. Continuing Education Unit (CEU) credits were earned for completion of these DEPS short courses.
Course 1. Introduction to High Power Microwave Systems Classification: Unclassified Instructor: Dr. Al Kehs, Army Research Laboratory Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will provide an introduction to RF Directed Energy weapons, also known as High Power Microwave (HPM) weapons. The course consists of four parts: 1) a general introduction to the basic terms and concepts, 2) a discussion of the varous types of effects that can be induced and how they are characterized, 3) the technologies that enable RF-DEW weaponization, and 4) hardening techniques and technologies. At the end of the class, students will know what RF-DEWs are and how they differ from classical Electronic Warfare and nuclear EMP. Students will learn the various ways in which microwaves couple into a target (i.e., front door/back door, in-band/out-of-band) and some of the many sorts of effects that they can precipitate. Technology discussions will show the difference between narrow band (NB) and ultra-wide band (UWB) sources, antennas and diagnostics, as well as the principal elements of the power systems needed to support them. The course concludes with a discussion of hardening techniques and technologies. The topic to be covered include:
Intended Audience: Newcomers to the field of RF-DEW or managers with some background in science and engineering will benefit the most from this course. Instructor Biography: R. Alan Kehs received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering and the M.S. and PhD degrees in Physics from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1970, 1973, 1984, and 1987 respectively. Dr. Kehs joined the Army's Harry Diamond laboratories in 1975 and is a recognized expert on the generation and use of intense relativistic electron beams for the production of high-power microwave radiation. Some of this major studies include the reflex diode as a source of both ion beams and High Power Microwaves (HPM) and the intense relativistic electron beam-driven backward wave oscillator as a source for HPM and as a pump for a free-electron laser. Recent assignments include Chief of the Directed Energy Branch and Chief of the Nuclear and High Power Microwave Technology Office. Dr. Kehs currently serves as a senior scientist in the Directed Energy and Power Generation Division at the Army Research Laboratory and also serves as the Army principal on several Directed Energy-related panels including the TARA Technical Panel on Directed Energy Weapons and the tri-service HPM technology steering group. Dr. Kehs is a member of Eta Kappa Nu, Sigma Xi, the Old Crows, the American Physical Society, the Society for Scientific Exploration, a Senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and a member of the Board of Directors of the Directed Energy Professional Society.
Course 2. Propagation of High Energy Lasers in the Atmosphere Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will cover the subject of high energy laser propagation in the atmosphere. The propagation of high energy laser beams in the atmosphere is affected by a number of physical processes which can limit the amount of total transmitted energy. These processes include dispersion, turbulence, molecular and aerosol absorption/scattering, finite laser beam quality and thermal blooming, among others. A High Energy Laser Code for Atmospheric Propagation (HELCAP) has been developed which incorporates these and other physical processes. HELCAP is a fully 3-D, time dependent code that is uniquely suitable for studying and characterizing the atmospheric propagation of high energy laser pulses. The varied physical processes that accompany high energy laser propagation in the atmosphere are illustrated by simulations covering a range of wavelengths, pulse formats and atmospheric conditions, i.e., level of turbulence, aerosol concentration, molecular absorption/scattering and slew (wind) conditions. Simulations of megawatt class laser beams in air will be presented, analyzed and discussed. The course will also address issues of adaptive optics relevant to the propagation of high energy laser beams. Though it is a critical technology for any laser system, adaptive optics has both fundamental and technological limitations which will be discussed. Intended Audience: This course is intended to present an overview of the various physical processes which affect the propagation of HEL laser pulses in the atmosphere. Students or managers should have a good science background. Instructor Biographies: Dr. Phillip Sprangle is Chief Scientist and Head of the Beam Physics Branch at the Naval Research Laboratory. He received his Ph.D. in Applied Physics at Cornell University in 1973. His research areas include atmospheric laser propagation, free electron lasers, nonlinear optics and laser acceleration physics. Dr. Sprangle is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the IEEE. He is winner of the International Free Electron Laser Prize (1991), E.O. Hulburt Science and Engineering Award (1986) and Sigma Xi Pure Science Award (1994). Dr. Sprangle has published over 200 refereed scientific articles and holds 12 U.S. patents. Dr. Robert Fugate is the Air Force Senior Scientist for Atmospheric Compensation and Technical Director of Starfire Optical Range (SOR), Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, NM. The SOR operates 1.5- and 3.5-meter telescopes, and a 1.0 meter beam director, all equipped with state of the art adaptive optics. Dr. Fugate conducts research on atmospheric propagation physics; atmospheric compensation using laser guide star adaptive optics; the acquisition, tracking and pointing of lasers to earth-orbiting satellites; and the development of sensors, instrumentation and mount control of large-aperture, ground-based telescopes.
Course 3. Laser Materials Effects Classification: Limited Distribution (See the Security section of the Symposium page for attendance requirements.) Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will be presented at the FOUO level. This course reviews laser material interactions over parameter ranges of interest for weapons applications. Fundamental considerations of the optical coupling of the laser energy into the material will be presented. This will be followed by physics-based treatments of the response of metals, organic-based materials, and ceramics to the laser irradiation.
Intended Audience: To best profit from the course, students should have a basic understanding of chemistry and physics at the college undergraduate level. Managers of technical programs as well as technical persons conducting or planning to conduct laser experiments will benefit from the course and should emerge from the experience with a broadened technical perspective. As a result of participating in this course, students should have a better understanding of the structure and composition of materials and how their properties determine the way in which high energy lasers (HEL) interact with and result in damage to these materials. Students will acquire an increased understanding of the mechanisms of interaction of various laser pulse forms and wavelengths with diverse types of materials. Instructor Biographies: Dr. J.T. Schriempf received his Ph.D. in Solid State Physics from Carnegie Mellon University. He has spent the bulk of his professional career in the study of the effects of lasers on materials, with a particular emphasis on applications. While at the Naval Research Laboratory he became a recognized authority within the Department of Defense in the application of very high power lasers as weapons. After some years in private industry, he joined the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State University as a senior scientist and Department Head, progressing to Assistant Director, in charge of the High Energy Processing Division. Following that he was Director of Laser Technology and Operations at ARL’s Electro-Optics Center in Kittanning, PA, where he was very actively engaged in both management and research in the area of the applications of lasers to the solution of industrial problems. Presently he is on full-time assignment as Assistant Program Manager for Lethality in the Navy Directed energy and Electric Weapons Program Office in Washington, DC. He is presently a Senior Member and Member of the Board of the Laser Institute of America, a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a Fellow of DEPS, and a Member of the Board of DEPS. He has authored over seventy papers and reports on laser applications for both military and industrial purposes. Dr. Robert F. Cozzens received a B.S. degree in Chemistry in 1963 and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 1966 from the University of Virginia. He is a Professor of Chemistry at George Mason University (GMU) in Fairfax, VA and a Senior Research Scientist (Intermittent) at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC. He served for 10 years as Deputy Director of the George Mason Institute of Technology at GMU. Dr. Cozzens has been involved for 30 years with research on the interaction of laser radiation with materials, including polymeric composites, metals, coatings, ceramics and biological material (especially the eye). He has published and presented numerous research papers and on several occasions has served as an expert witness involving patent litigation regarding the composition and spectral properties of dyes and coatings used in the manufacture of sunglasses and contact lenses. Dr. Cozzens is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Chemical Society of Washington (CSW), Directed Energy Professional Society (DEPS), Materials Research Society (MRS), Virginia Academy of Science (VAS), Society of Photographic and Industrial Engineers (SPIE) and other professional societies. He has held several elected offices within the ACS both at the local and national level. Dr. Cozzens is currently involved in research on the lethality of high energy lasers on antiship missiles and the protection of eyes and sensors from laser radiation. Dr. Andrew E. Paul is a Principal Physics Engineer in the EO Subsystem department at Raytheon. For the last three years he has been charged with the responsibility of leading the high-energy laser lethality team in support of various applications. Dr. Paul received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Arizona in 1993. He later worked for the University of Iowa in the Department of Physics and then worked at the Courant Institute for Applied Mathematics at the New York University. Throughout his career Dr. Paul’s research has focused on theoretical nonlinear laser-matter interactions varying from laser-semiconductor interactions to laser propagation in aqueous ocular medium.
Course 4. Modeling and Simulation of Beam Control Systems Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Full-day course, starts at 0800 CEUs awarded: 0.7 Course Description and Topics: This course will cover a broad range of foundational, numerical, and practical aspects of constructing and analyzing computer simulations of Beam Control Systems (BCS), including active and passive imaging systems, High Energy Laser (HEL), Adaptive Optics (AO) and active and passive tracking systems. The morning session lays the foundation, providing the fundamental details of scalar diffraction theory, optical effects of atmospheric turbulence, and the numerical modeling of these phenomena, with specific attention paid to rigorous sampling requirements. In the afternoon, practical modeling issues are addressed using the approach of WaveTrain, the instructor's wave-optics modeling code. Finally, the details of a number of specific examples of complex system models will be reviewed with emphasis on how useful system information can be extracted from the simulation runs. This is not a class narrowly about the use of WaveTrain; rather it covers the topics of modeling, simulation, and analysis in a general fashion and uses WaveTrain to provide practical examples. Topics:
Intended Audience: All technical professionals and managers working in the directed energy industry. In particular, electro-optical systems engineers and analysts, whether they specialize in computer simulation or not, will come away with an appreciation for the process of modeling and performance prediction of their systems of interest. Most people with a background in engineering, math and/or physics will be able to follow the material as long as they have some fundamental understanding of technical computer simulation. Instructor Biographies: Mr. Bob Praus is co-founder and President of MZA Associates Corporation, a small company that has distinguished itself in adaptive optics and atmospheric propagation simulation and analysis. Mr. Praus was stationed at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory in 1981 where he specialized in data analysis and programming fo the Airborne Laser Laboratory (ALL) and development of the Wavefront Control System Simulation (WCSS). He continued his involvement in end-to-end wave optics simulation at the BDM Corporation and RDA. From 1989 to 1991, he served as software manager of the National Test Facility (NTF), now called JNIC. Since founding MZA, he has provided technical management and analysis and simulation support to a number of atmospheric characterization and compensation experiments including HABE, ABLEX, ABLE, ACE, and the ABL-ACT North Oscura Peak facility. He is currently the principal investigator for MZA's Airborne Laser (ABL) modeling effort in support of the ABL SPO. Mr. Praus is co-inventor of the Adaptive Dynamic Range Wafefront Sensor (ADRWFS, US Pat. No. 6,707,020), a novel enhancement of the Hartman wavefront sensor. Mr. Stephen Coy is co-founder and Principal Scientist for MZA Associates and provides overall technical leadership for all MZA's work in simulation, analysis, and the design and development of advanced software tools to support simulation and analysis. Mr. Coy is the chief architect of tempus, the object-oriented software development environment which serves as the foundation for WaveTrain and of WaveTrain itself. He is the implementer of the WaveTrain wave optics library and most of the WaveTrain component and effects models. Mr. Coy helped to develop the Variable Conjugate Adaptive Optics concept. Most recently Mr. Coy has been developing a comprehensive and unified approach to describing the sampling requirements associated with the numerical modeling of the propagation of light through general media. Dr. Boris Venet, a Senior Scientist at MZA, is a physicist with 16 years professional experience in optical physics research. He has expertise in optical propagation theory and turbulence, statistical signal analysis, Fourier imaging principles, and radiometric analysis. His secondary expertise is in experimental optics and optical system design. As a staff member at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Dr. Venet conducted research in various problems of optical propagation and imaging through the turbulent atmosphere including theoretical and computer simulation studies of imaging and beam propagation through turbulence, statistical analyses of imaging system performance, measurements of atmospheric turbulence via scintillation, effects of scintillation on adaptive optics systems, and studies of interferometric imaging. For Stanford Research International he performed research in remote optical sensing, optical propagation through the atmosphere, and synthetic aperture imaging with lasers. Dr. Venet is presently the principal investigator and program manager for MZA's HELMAS contract, which supports simulation, analysis, and data management related to Airborne Laser optical propagation and beam control research. Dr. Justin Mansell, a Senior Scientist at MZA, has a wide range of business and technical experience. AT MZA he has worked in the design, implementation, modeling, simulation, and analysis of complex optical systems. An expert in MEMS devices, Dr. Mansell was the first known to use WaveTrain to model and analyze the use of MEMS deformable mirrors. Prior to MZA, he served as Chief Engineer of Qynergy Corporation where he led technology development, building the engineering team, protecting intellectual property, developing a sophisticated computer model of Qynergy's energy cell, and designing and building new diagnostic equipment for device evaluation. Dr. Mansell founded Intellite, Inc. to commercialize the unique low-cost MEMS adaptive optics technology he pioneered during his doctoral dissertation at Stanford University. At Intellite, Justin was responsible for corporate strategy, product and technology development, and national and international customer development. Intellite launched two types of MEMS drive electronics products, an imaging MEMS deformable mirror product, a high-power laser MEMS deformable mirror product, and the Clarifi adaptive optics system.
Course 5. High Power Microwave Technologies Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course is devoted to the physics and technology of high-power sources of microwave radiation. The first part of the course, which will be given by G. Nusinovich, considers the physics of microwave sources and the limitations on the choice of operational parameters. The second part, which will be given by E. Schamiloglu, considers more technical issues: fabrication of microwave circuits and electron guns, high-voltage supplies, solenoids/magnets necessary for the electron beam transport and various beam and microwave diagnostics. In the first part, fundamentals of microwave radiation from electrons in vacuum are considered and basic principles of resonant interaction between electrons and electromagnetic waves are discussed, viz., Cherenkov or Smith-Purcell, transition radiation and bremsstrahlung. Then, the most important and widely used microwave sources utilizing these principles are described:
The second part of this course will begin with a review of the historical development of these sources in terms of their output parameters. In addition, examples of various sources that are being studied will be provided, with particular attention to demonstrating the variety of technologies used to power high-power microwave sources. Intended Audience: This course is geared towards the technically-literate professional, although managers with minimal technical expertise in the field could benefit from the overviews. An undergraduate education in science and engineering would be minimally required. Instructor Biographies: Gregory S. Nusinovich received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from Gorky State University, Gorky, USSR, in 1967, 1968, and 1975, respectively. In 1968, he joined the Gorky Radiophysical Research Institute, Gorky, USSR. From 1967 to 1990, he was a Senior Research Scientist and Head of the Research Group at the Institute of Applied Physics, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Gorky, USSR. From 1968 to 1990 his scientific interests included developing high-power millimeter- and submillimeter-wave gyrotrons. He was also a member of the Scientific Council on Physical Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1991, he immigrated to the U.S. and joined the Research Staff at the Institute for Plasma Research (presently, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics), University of Maryland, College Park, MD. His current research interests include the study of high-power electromagnetic radiation from various types of microwave sources. Since 1991, he has also served as a Consultant to the Science Applications International Corporation, McLean, VA, the Physical Sciences Corporation, Alexandria, VA, Omega-P, Inc., New Haven, CT, Calabazas Creek Research Inc., Saratoga, CA and SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA. He has authored and co-authored more than 150 papers published in refereed journals. In 1996 and 1999, he was a Guest Editor of the Special Issues of IEEE Transactions on Plasma Sciences (IEEE-PS) on High-Power Microwave Generation and on Cyclotron Resonance Masers and Gyrotrons, respectively. Presently, he is an Associated Editor of IEEE-PS and is a member of the Executive Committee of the Plasma Science and Application Committee of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society. He is a Fellow of IEEE and APS. His book "Introduction to the Physics of Gyrotrons" is published by The Johns Hopkins University Press in 2004. Edl Schamiloglu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, in 1979 and 1981, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in applied physics (minor in mathematics) from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in 1988. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico (UNM) in 1988. He is currently Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and directs the Pulsed Power, Beams, and Microwaves Laboratory at UNM. He lectured at the U.S. Particle Accelerator School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, in 1990 and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, in 1997. He coedited Advances in High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies(Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2001) (with R.J. Barker) and he is coauthoring High Power Microwaves, 2nd Ed. (Bristol, U.K.: Inst. of Physics, 2004) (with J. Benford and J. Swegle). He has authored of coauthored over 50 refereed journal papers, 100 reviewed conference papers, and one patent. His research interests are in the physics and technology of charged particle beam generation and propagation, high-power microwave sources, plasma physics and diagnostics, electromagnetic wave propagation, and pulsed power. Dr. Schamiloglu has received the Sandia National Laboratories Research Excellence Award as part of the Delphi/Minerva team in 1991, the UNM School of Engineering Research Excellence Award twice (junior faculty in 1992 and senior faculty in 2001), the titles of UNM Regents' Lecturer (1996) and Gardner-Zemke Professor (2000), and the Lawton-Ellis Award in 2004. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, and has served on a National Academies Panel on Directed Energy Testing (2003-2004).
Course 6. Propagation, Interaction, and Technology of Ultrashort Laser Pulses Classification: Unclassified Instructors: Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This course will describe the various aspects of high peak power (>TW) ultrashort lasers with pulsewidths less than 100 fsec. Subjects to be covered include: (a) effects of ultrashort laser-material/air interaction, (b) unique aspects of ultrashort laser propagation, including self-focusing, spectral broadening, optical shocks, optical/plasma filaments, atmospheric turbulence, finite laser beam quality, etc. (c) design and operation of ultrashort laser technology and (d) beam control system issues for ultrashort lasers. The course is intended to provide a working knowledge of this exciting laser technology along with its potential applications. We present recent theoretical, computational, and experimental work on the propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in air. Experiments using terawatt pulses with durations less than a picosecond show long-distance propagation of plasma and optical filaments, broadband generation, and emission of sub-THz electromagnetic pulses. To study this, fully time-dependent, three-dimensional, nonlinear equations describing the propagation of laser pulses in air under the influence of diffraction, group velocity dispersion, Kerr nonlinearity, stimulated Raman scattering, ionization, and plasma wakefield excitation are presented. The spectral broadening of laser pulses is investigated and an equilibrium configuration for optical and plasma filaments is air is presented. We also discuss the interaction physics of ultrashort laser pulses with dielectrics. Beam control system requirements for ultrashort lasers are briefly outlined, as well as various applications of ultrashort pulsed lasers. Intended Audience: Graduate students in physics and EE, along with scientists/engineers working in Directed Energy efforts or projects. Instructor Biographies: Dr. Phillip Sprangle is Chief Scientist and Head of the Beam Physics Branch at the Naval Research Laboratory. He received his Ph.D. in Applied Physics at Cornell University in 1973. His research areas include atmospheric laser propagation, free electron lasers, nonlinear optics and laser acceleration physics. Dr. Sprangle is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the IEEE. He is winner of the International Free Electron Laser Prize (1991), E.O. Hulburt Science and Engineering Award (1986) and Sigma Xi Pure Science Award (1994). Dr. Sprangle has published over 200 refereed scientific articles and holds 12 U.S. patents. Dr. Vern Schlie is ST, Senior Scientist, Laser Technology working in the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, NM. He has had more than 35 years experience working on various types of HEL, including chemical, electric discharge lasers (EDLs) and solid-state lasers. He is a Fellow of OSA and AFRL.
Course 7. Introduction to High Energy Laser Systems Classification: Unclassified Instructor: John Albertine, Consultant Duration: Half-day course, starts at 1300 CEUs awarded: 0.35 Course Description and Topics: This lecture will introduce the field of HEL weapons and their associated technologies using an interweaving of technical requirements, history, and accomplishments. The basic attributes of HEL weapons will be covered, leading into discussions of laser-material interaction, lethality, potential weapon applications, system requirements, laser power scaling, propagation, and beam control. DoD interest in tactical applications, current technical issues, and areas of research emphasis will be highlighted. Intended Audience: This course is geared to those with a technical background who seek an overview of HEL technology and the current state of the art. Individuals who are beginning to work in the field or technical managers who wish an integrated overview would benefit from the class. Instructor Biography: Mr. Albertine has his B.S. and M.S. in Physics from Rose Polytechnic Institute and Johns Hopkins University respectively. Prior to working for the Navy, he was a senior staff physicist in the Space Division of The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. From 1976 through 1997, he worked in the Navy's High Energy Laser (HEL) Program Office, directing the Navy’s technology development for the last 15 years. During that time, he led the development and test of the first megawatt class HEL system in the free world. He retired from civil service in 1997 and now consults for OSD, the Air Force, ONR, the Navy HEL program office, and Penn State in the Directed Energy field. Mr. Albertine is also a member of the Air Force Science Advisory Board and served as Executive Vice President and a member of the Board of Directors of the Directed Energy Professional Society.
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