Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................ ix

Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xi

List of Figures............................................................................................................................. xii

Chapter 1. Introduction: Radio Frequency/Microwave (RF/M)

Directed Energy (DE) Systems and Their Applications............................................................. 1

1.1. Nonkinetic energy systems (NKESs): electromagnetic systems/DE systems.................. 1

1.2. What are high-power RF/M DE systems?........................................................................ 5

1.2.1. Electromagnetic spectrum and RF/M DE system frequencies....................................... 8

1.2.2. Major components of an RF/M DE system. ...................................................................9

1.3. How RF/M DE systems are like traditional EA jammers and

nuclear-created EM pulse (NEMP).................................................................................. 14

1.3.1. RF/M DE vs traditional EA........................................................................................... 14

1.3.2. RF/M DE vs EMP.......................................................................................................... 16

1.3.3. Potential applications of RF/M DE systems.................................................................. 20

Chapter 2. Capabilities and Limitations..................................................................................... 23

Chapter 3. RF/M DE Coupling to Target and Effects................................................................ 27

3.1. Typical unconventional EA attack scenario with RF/M DE............................................. 27

3.2. RF/M DE propagation in atmosphere............................................................................... 29

3.2.1. Atmospheric structure.................................................................................................... 30

3.2.2. Atmospheric effects....................................................................................................... 37

3.2.3. Summary........................................................................................................................ 44

3.3. RF/M de coupling paths to target electronics: intentional (front-door) and

unintentional (back-door) ports of entry (POEs).............................................................. 45

3.4. Estimated target effect/failure level.................................................................................. 46

3.5. Probability of target failure............................................................................................... 48

3.6. RF/M DE effects on electronic components..................................................................... 50

3.6.1. Component upset and damage....................................................................................... 50

Chapter 4. RF/M DE Effects on Electronic Systems.................................................................. 55

4.1. DoD RF/M DE effects assessment methodology.............................................................. 55

4.2. Free-field effects test vs direct injection effects test on systems...................................... 58

Chapter 5. RF/M DE Modeling and Simulation......................................................................... 63

5.1. RF/M DE models/tools..................................................................................................... 63

5.2. Engagement models and simulations................................................................................ 65

5.2.1. Directed Radio Frequency Energy Assessment Model (DREAM)................................ 66

5.2.2. Radio Frequency Propagation and Target Effects Code (RFPROTEC)......................... 68

5.2.3. Joint RF/M Effectiveness Model (JREM)...................................................................... 70

Chapter 6. RF/M DE System Development: RF/M DE Lethality.............................................. 71

6.1. RF/M DE system development methodology.................................................................... 71

6.2. Notional RF/M DE system design example using the Radio Frequency

Directed Energy System Design Tool (RFDEDT)............................................................ 74

Chapter 7. RF/M DE Protection/Hardening—Survivability...................................................... 79

7.1. RF/M DE protection methodology and hardening margins.................................................... 80

7.2. RF/M DE hardening example............................................................................................. 81

7.2.1. RF/M DE threat environment.......................................................................................... 82

7.2.2. System functional analysis.............................................................................................. 83

7.2.3. Failure analysis logic tree................................................................................................ 85

7.2.4. Entry path characterization.............................................................................................. 85

7.2.5. Probability of failure (damage) vs. incident power density and

RF/M DE threat range.................................................................................................... 86

7.2.6. Hardening requirements for example helicopter............................................................. 87

Chapter 8. Summary...................................................................................................................... 89

Appendix A. Radio Frequency Directed Energy System Design Tool (RFDEDT)

Methodology and Models ..........................................................................................97

Appendix B. Examples of RF/M DE Systems ..............................................................................105

Appendix C. Port of Entry Effective Areas and Component Failure

Models in DREAM.................................................................................................. 107

Appendix D. Effective Area Formulas for POE (Antennas)......................................................... 119

Appendix E. Effective Area Formulas for Back-Door POEs........................................................ 121

Appendix F. Transmission Lines................................................................................................... 123

Appendix G. Shielding Materials Attenuation.............................................................................. 125

Appendix H. RF/M Bands (Radar Community)........................................................................... 127

Appendix I. Glossary.................................................................................................................... 129

Appendix J. Acronyms................................................................................................................. 137

Index. ............................................................................................................................................ 141